C# Wait and Run Again Forever

3rd alphabetic character of the Latin alphabet

C
C c
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin linguistic communication
Phonetic usage	[c] [k] [t͡ʃ] [t͡s(ʰ)] [d͡ʒ] [ʃ] [s̝] [ʕ] [ʔ] [θ] Others
Unicode codepoint	U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position	3 Numerical value: iii
History
Development	Γ γ 𐌂 C c
Variations	(See below)
Other
Associated numbers	3
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, encounter Help:IPA. For the distinction betwixt [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

C, or c, is the third letter in the English and ISO basic Latin alphabets. Its name in English is cee (pronounced ), plural cees.^[1]

History

Egyptian	Phoenician gaml	Greek Gamma	Etruscan C	Old Latin C (G)	Latin C

"C" comes from the same letter as "1000". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is maybe adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that information technology depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "Information technology is difficult to imagine how gimel = "camel" tin can exist derived from the picture of a camel (it may evidence his hump, or his head and neck!)".^[two]

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' grade in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c grand q' were used to stand for the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to correspond /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.^[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The utilise of 'c' (and its variant 'one thousand') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and later, 'thou' was treated equally the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' every bit the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.

Other alphabets take messages homoglyphic to 'c' only non analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Afterwards use

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented simply /k/, and this value of the alphabetic character has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,^[4] Irish, Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-based writing arrangement was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Sometime English too originally represented /thou/; the Modern English words kin, pause, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc , and séoc . However, during the course of the One-time English language period, /k/ before front vowels (/eastward/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the 10th century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, equally in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a . On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic alter had also been going on (for instance, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /g/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, information technology became [ts]. Nonetheless for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was even so used before the letters ⟨due east⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented 2 singled-out values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /chiliad^{due west}/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /thousand/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /grand/ earlier front vowels. In add-on, Norman used the letter ⟨yard⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨1000⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either /one thousand/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front end vowel alphabetic character or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English language later the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Erstwhile English words. Thus while Sometime English language candel, clif, corn, crop, cú , remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce , were now (without any change of audio) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke , and seoke ; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently inverse to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk . The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was as well at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ and then that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Heart English language quen and quik , respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English language palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, importantly from Latin /m/ before ⟨a⟩. In French information technology was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, equally in gnaw (from Latin camp-um ) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written c.  1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel , for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Former English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Sometime English ⟨c⟩ gave fashion to ⟨g⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other mitt, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words similar processiun, emperice and grace , and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Erstwhile English language words, as miltse, bletsien , in early on Middle English language milce, blecien . Past the cease of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /south/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, every bit in lance, cent, or to avert the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. One-time generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English accept a mutual characteristic inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Cc

Most common pronunciation: /k/ Languages in italics do not apply the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Arabic	Cypriot Standard arabic	/ʕ/		Latinization
Azerbaijani cluster		/dʒ/
Berber		/ʃ/		Latinization
Bukawa		/ʔ/
Catalan		/thousand/
		/s/	Before eastward, i
Crimean Tatar		/dʒ/
Cornish		/s/		Standard Written Form
Czech		/ts/
Danish		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y, æ, ø
Dutch		/yard/
		/s/	Earlier eastward, i, y
		/tʃ/	Before e, i,y	in loanwords from Italian
English		/grand/
		/due south/	Before due east, i, y
Fijian		/ð/
Filipino		/k/
		/southward/	Before e, i
French		/k/
		/s/	Before eastward, i, y
Fula		/tʃ/
Gagauz		/dʒ/
Galician		/k/
		/θ/	Earlier eastward, i
		/southward/	Before east, i	in seseo zones
Hausa		/tʃ/
Hungarian		/ts/
Indonesian		/tʃ/
Irish		/yard/
		/c/	Before eastward, i; or after i
Italian		/k/
		/tʃ/	Before e, i
Kurdish	Kurmanji	/dʒ/
Latvian		/ts/
Malay		/tʃ/
Mandarin	Standard	/tsʰ/		Pinyin latinization
Manding		/tʃ/
Polish		/ts/
Portuguese		/chiliad/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
Romanaian		/tʃ/	Before eastward, i
		/1000/
Romansh		/ts/	Before e, i
		/k/
Scottish Gaelic		/kʰ/
		/kʰʲ/	Before e, i; or after i
Serbo-Croatian		/ts/
Slovak		/ts/
Slovene		/ts/
Somali		/ʕ/
Spanish	All	/k/
	Most of European	/θ/	Before east, i, y
	American, Andalusian, Canarian	/s/	Before e, i, y
Swedish		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y, ä, ö
Turkish		/dʒ/
Valencian		/k/
		/southward/	Before due east, i
Vietnamese		/k/
		/k̚/	Give-and-take-concluding
		/kp/	Discussion-final after u, ô, o
Welsh		/k/
Xhosa		/ǀ/
Yabem		/ʔ/
Yup'ik		/tʃ/
Zulu		/ǀ/

English

In English language orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of before the letters ⟨due east⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "difficult" value of before any other letters or at the cease of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have where would be expected.

The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'capeesh', and as well in the word "sea" and its derivatives.

The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents , but can besides represent (mainly in words of Greek origin) or (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English, information technology may also stand for in words like loch, while other speakers pronounce the concluding audio equally . The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents .

The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is oftentimes used to represent the sound after short vowels, like "wicket".

C is the twelfth well-nigh often used letter in the English language (after Due east, T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, D, and Fifty), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.

Other languages

In the Romance languages French, Castilian, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of /1000/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /south/ as it is in English language. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ].

Germanic languages ordinarily use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, only the rules vary across languages. Dutch uses ⟨c⟩ the near, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, only dissimilar English, does not apply ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like komen, "come". High german uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, only merely past itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. Danish keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes hard ⟨c⟩ to ⟨1000⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very mutual word och, "and". Norwegian, Afrikaans, and Icelandic are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨s⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names.

All Balto-Slavic languages that employ the Latin alphabet, likewise every bit Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from information technology) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Standard mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡s^h/.

Amidst non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced analogue of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter of the alphabet to correspond the click /ǀ/. In some other African languages, such equally Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.

The letter ⟨c⟩ is besides used every bit a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, forth with the digraph ⟨ts⟩.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ⟨C⟩ is the 10-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Digraphs

There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most mutual being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages (such as German language) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ lone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages.

As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /k/, is oft used afterwards short vowels in other Germanic languages such equally German and Swedish (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and Norwegian, use ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing /t͡ʂ/ and /t͡ʃ/ respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents /ʃ/ in Former English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this just happens before forepart vowels, while otherwise information technology represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German language.

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

• 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Γ γ  : Greek alphabetic character Gamma, from which C derives
    • K g : Latin letter of the alphabet G, which is derived from Latin C
      • Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin Grand
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
  • ɕ : Modest c with ringlet
  • ʗ : stretched C
• ᶜ : Modifier letter pocket-size c^[5]
• ᶝ : Modifier letter pocket-sized c with coil^[5]
• ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^{[half dozen]}
• Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Standard mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s^[7]

Add to C with diacritics

• C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç Ꞔ ꞔ Ꞓ ꞓ
• Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters^[8]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

• © : copyright symbol
• ℃ : degree Celsius
• ¢ : cent
• ₡ : colón (currency)
• ₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
• ₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
• ₠ : European Currency Unit of measurement CE
• ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$  : blackboard bold C, denoting the circuitous numbers
• ℭ : blackletter C
• Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -united states of america and -os^[9]

Code points

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems

Grapheme information

Preview	C		c
Unicode name	LATIN Majuscule LETTER C		LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER C
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	67	U+0043	99	U+0063
UTF-8	67	43	99	63
Numeric character reference	C	C	c	c
EBCDIC family	195	C3	131	83
ASCII 1	67	43	99	63

^ane Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in diverse font styles for mathematical purposes; come across Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations

Use equally a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

See also

• Hard and soft C
• Speed of calorie-free, c

References

1. ^ "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'south Third New International Lexicon of the English Language, Entire (1993); "cee", op. cit.
2. ^ Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Culture. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN978-1405162562.
3. ^ Sihler, Andrew 50. (1995). New Comparative Grammer of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford Academy Printing. p. 21. ISBN0-xix-508345-8.
4. ^ "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu . Retrieved 2019-11-19 .
5. ^ ^{a b} Lawman, Peter (2004-04-xix). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
6. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
7. ^ West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three capital Latin messages used in early Pinyin" (PDF).
8. ^ Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
9. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add together Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

External links

greencande1974.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C

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